Mughal subahs

The Bengal Subah (Bengali: সুবাহ বাংলা. Persian: صوبه بنگاله.), also referred to as Mughal Bengal and Bengal State (after 1717), was the largest subdivision of Mughal India encompassing much of the Bengal region, which includes modern-day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and some parts of the present-day Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha between the 16th and 18th centuries. The state was established following the dissolution of the Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world, when the region was absorbed into the Mughal Empire. Bengal was the wealthiest region in the Indian subcontinent.

Awadh (), known in British historical texts as Avadh or Oudh, is a historical region in northern India, now constituting the northeastern portion of Uttar Pradesh. It is roughly synonymous with the ancient Kosala region of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain scriptures.

Hyderabad Subah (Persian: صوبه حیدرآباد), also known as Golconda Subah, was a province of the Mughal Empire encompassing the eastern Deccan region of the Indian subcontinent. It was created in 1687, during the reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, by the annexation of the Golconda Sultanate. Hyderabad Subah later began to secede in the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined and became fully independent as part of the Nizam-administered Deccan.

The Subah of Multan (Punjabi: ملتان دا صوبہ, Multān Dā Sūbāh; Persian: صوبه ملتان, Sūbāh-ey-Multān) was one of the three subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire in the Punjab region, alongside Lahore and Delhi subahs. It was also amongst the original twelve Mughal provinces, encompassing southern parts of Punjab, stretching towards parts of the regions of Pashtunistan and Balochistan, bordering Kandahar Province and the Persian Safavid Empire. It was one of the largest and most important provinces of the Mughal Empire. The province was annexed by Durrani Empire in 1752, with Ali Mohammad Khakwani as its first Durrani governor.

The Subah of Lahore (Punjabi: لہور دا صوبہ, La(h)ōr Dā Sūbāh; Persian: صوبه لاهور, Sūbah-yi-Lāhor) was one of the three subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire in the Punjab region, alongside Multan and Delhi subahs, encompassing the northern, central and eastern Punjab. It was created as one of the original 12 Subahs of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by Akbar in 1580. In 1752, the Subahdar Moin-ul-Mulk transferred his allegiance to Ahmad Shah Durrani. The province ceased to exist as a political unit after the death of Adina Beg in 1758, with large parts being incorporated into Durrani Empire. Collectively, Lahore and Multan subahs, and parts of Delhi subah, comprised "Mughal Punjab".

The Ajmer Subah (Persian: صوبه اجمیر) was one of the original 12 subahs (provinces) that comprised the Mughal Empire after the administrative reform under the rule of Akbar. Its borders roughly corresponded to modern-day Rajasthan, and the capital was the city of Ajmer.

The Gujarat Subah (Persian: صوبه گجرات) was a province (subah) of the Mughal Empire, encompassing the Gujarat region. The region first fell under Mughal control in 1573, when the Mughal emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605) defeated the Gujarat Sultanate under Muzaffar Shah III.

The Agra Subah (Persian: صوبه آگره) was a subah (province) of the Mughal Empire, established in the reign of Akbar and one of the empire's core territories until it was eclipsed by the rapidly expanding Maratha Empire. To the north it bordered Delhi and Awadh, to the east Allahabad, and to the south and west Malwa and Ajmer. Its capital was at Agra, an important administrative center of the empire which was expanded under Mughal rule.

The Berar Subah (Persian: صوبه برار) was one of the Subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire, in Central India from 1596 to 1724. It bordered Golconda, Ahmandagar (both conquered in 1601), Kandesh and Malwa provinces as well as the independent and tributary kingdoms to the east.

The Oudh State (also Kingdom of Awadh, Kingdom of Oudh, Awadh Subah, Oudh Subah or Awadh State) was a Mughal subah, then an independent kingdom, and lastly a princely state in the Awadh region of North India until its annexation by the British in 1856. The name Oudh, now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, also written historically as Oudhe.